On the conventional boundary integral equation formulation for piezoelectric solids with defects or of thin shapes

In this paper, the conventional boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation for piezoelectric solids is revisited and the related issues are examined. The key relations employed in deriving the piezoelectric BIE, such as the generalized Green's identity (reciprocal work theorem) and integral identities for the piezoelectric fundamental solution, are established rigorously. A weakly singular form of the piezoelectric BIE is derived for the ®rst time using the identities for the fundamental solution, which eliminates the calculation of any singular integrals in the piezoelectric boundary element method (BEM). The crucial question of whether or not the piezoelectric BIE will degenerate when applied to crack and thin shell-like problems is addressed. It is shown analytically that the conventional BIE for piezoelectricity does degenerate for crack problems, but does not degenerate for thin piezoelectric shells. The latter has signi®cant implications in applications of the piezoelectric BIE to the analysis of thin piezoelectric ®lms used widely as sensors and actuators. Numerical tests to show the degeneracy of the piezoelectric BIE for crack problems are presented and one remedy to this degeneracy by using the multi-domain BEM is also demonstrated. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.